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DESCRIPTION:Project Echo Milestone Dedication Event at the future &quot;Robert W
 ilson Park&quot;\n\nProject Echo\, Telstar\, and Discovery of Cosmic Background
  Radiation\, 1959-1965\n\nIn 1959-1960\, NASA and AT&amp;T developed a satelli
 te Earth station in Holmdel\, NJ\, including a novel tracking horn-reflect
 or antenna\, maser preamplifier\, and FM demodulator. The Earth station de
 monstrated the first high-quality long-distance voice circuit via the Echo
  passive communication satellite in 1960-1961\, and via the active Telstar
  communications satellite in 1962-1963. Experiments conducted in 1964-1965
  provided the first indication of the cosmic background radiation associat
 ed with the Big Bang.\n\n[A large metal structure in a gravel areaDescript
 ion automatically generated]\n\nWHAT IS THE “HOLMDEL HORN ANTENNA”?\n\
 nThe Holmdel Horn Antenna is a large microwave [horn antenna](https://en.w
 ikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_antenna) that was used as a [satellite communicatio
 n](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_communication) antenna and [rad
 io telescope](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_telescope) at the [Bell 
 Telephone Laboratories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Labor
 atories) facility located on [Crawford Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
 /Crawford_Hill) in [Holmdel Township\, New Jersey](https://en.wikipedia.or
 g/wiki/Holmdel_Township\,_New_Jersey)\, United States.[5](https://en.wikip
 edia.org/wiki/Holmdel_Horn_Antenna#cite_note-Crawford-5) It was designated
  a [National Historic Landmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_His
 toric_Landmark) in 1989 because of its association with the research work 
 of two [radio astronomers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_astronomer)
 \, [Arno Penzias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arno_Penzias) and [Robert 
 Wilson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson).\n\nIn 1965\,
  while using this antenna\, Penzias and Wilson discovered the [cosmic micr
 owave background radiation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_microwave
 _background_radiation) (CMBR) that permeates the universe. This was one of
  the most important discoveries in [physical cosmology](https://en.wikiped
 ia.org/wiki/Physical_cosmology) Since [Edwin Hubble](https://en.wikipedia.
 org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble) demonstrated in the 1920s that the universe was exp
 anding. It provided the evidence that confirmed [George Gamow](https://en.
 wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gamow)&#39;s and [Georges Lemaître](https://en.wiki
 pedia.org/wiki/Georges_Lema%C3%AEtre)&#39;s &quot;[Big Bang](https://en.wikipedia.o
 rg/wiki/Big_Bang)&quot; theory of the creation of the universe. This helped cha
 nge the science of cosmology\, the study of the universe&#39;s history\, from 
 a field for unlimited theoretical speculation into a discipline of direct 
 observation. In 1978 Penzias and Wilson received the [Nobel Prize for Phys
 ics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Physics) for their disc
 overy. The [horn antenna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_antenna) at B
 ell Telephone Laboratories in Holmdel\, New Jersey\, was constructed on [C
 rawford Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawford_Hill) in 1959 to supp
 ort [Project Echo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Echo)\, the [Nati
 onal Aeronautics and Space Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N
 ational_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration)&#39;s passive communications sat
 ellites\, which used large aluminized plastic balloons ([satellite balloon
 ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_balloon)) as reflectors to bounc
 e radio signals from one point on the Earth to another.\n\nAgenda: \nCrawf
 ord Hill Picnic: 11 AM - 2 PM [Email Picnic Coordinator at hohpicnic@gmail
 .com for information.]\n\nProject Echo Milestone Dedication: 2-4 PM\n\nBld
 g: Bell Works\, 101 Crawfords Corner Road\, Holmdel\, New Jersey\, United 
 States\, 07733
LOCATION:Bldg: Bell Works\, 101 Crawfords Corner Road\, Holmdel\, New Jerse
 y\, United States\, 07733
ORGANIZER:laura.hriedel@ieee.org
SEQUENCE:52
SUMMARY:Project Echo Milestone Dedication
URL;VALUE=URI:https://events.vtools.ieee.org/m/426102
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  style=&quot;color: rgb(22\, 145\, 121)\; font-size: 18pt\;&quot;&gt;Project Echo Miles
 tone Dedication Event at the future &quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(22\, 1
 45\, 121)\; font-size: 18pt\;&quot;&gt;Robert Wilson Park&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;
 /h1&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18pt\;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Project &lt;em&gt;Echo\, Telsta
 r\,&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp\;and Discovery of Cosmic Background Radiation\, 1959-1965&lt;/s
 trong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In 1959-1960\, NASA and AT&amp;amp\;T developed 
 a satellite Earth station in Holmdel\, NJ\, including a novel tracking hor
 n-reflector antenna\, maser preamplifier\, and FM demodulator. The Earth s
 tation demonstrated the first high-quality long-distance voice circuit via
  the&amp;nbsp\;&lt;em&gt;Echo&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp\;passive communication satellite in 1960-196
 1\, and via the active&amp;nbsp\;&lt;em&gt;Telstar&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp\;communications satelli
 te in 1962-1963. Experiments conducted in 1964-1965 provided the first ind
 ication of the cosmic background radiation associated with the Big Bang.&lt;/
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 e=&quot;font-size: 12pt\;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Aptos Display&#39;\, sans-ser
 if\;&quot;&gt;WHAT IS THE &amp;ldquo\;HOLMDEL HORN ANTENNA&amp;rdquo\;?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/str
 ong&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;\n&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0in\;&quot;&gt;The&amp;nbsp\;&lt;strong&gt;Holmdel Horn Antenna
 &lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp\;is a large microwave&amp;nbsp\;&lt;a title=&quot;Horn antenna&quot; href=&quot;h
 ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_antenna&quot;&gt;horn antenna&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp\;that was
  used as a&amp;nbsp\;&lt;a title=&quot;Satellite communication&quot; href=&quot;https://en.wikip
 edia.org/wiki/Satellite_communication&quot;&gt;satellite communication&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp\;a
 ntenna and&amp;nbsp\;&lt;a title=&quot;Radio telescope&quot; href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org
 /wiki/Radio_telescope&quot;&gt;radio telescope&lt;/a&gt; at the &lt;a title=&quot;Bell Telephone
  Laboratories&quot; href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Laborato
 ries&quot;&gt;Bell Telephone Laboratories&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp\;facility located on&amp;nbsp\;&lt;a t
 itle=&quot;Crawford Hill&quot; href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawford_Hill&quot;&gt;Cr
 awford Hill&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp\;in&amp;nbsp\;&lt;a title=&quot;Holmdel Township\, New Jersey&quot; hr
 ef=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmdel_Township\,_New_Jersey&quot;&gt;Holmdel T
 ownship\, New Jersey&lt;/a&gt;\, United States.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Crawford_5-0&quot;&gt;&lt;
 a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmdel_Horn_Antenna#cite_note-Crawf
 ord-5&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp\;It was designated a&amp;nbsp\;&lt;a title=&quot;National Hi
 storic Landmark&quot; href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Lan
 dmark&quot;&gt;National Historic Landmark&lt;/a&gt; in 1989 because of its association w
 ith the research work of two &lt;a title=&quot;Radio astronomer&quot; href=&quot;https://en.
 wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_astronomer&quot;&gt;radio astronomers&lt;/a&gt;\,&amp;nbsp\;&lt;a titl
 e=&quot;Arno Penzias&quot; href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arno_Penzias&quot;&gt;Arno Pe
 nzias&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp\;and&amp;nbsp\;&lt;a title=&quot;Robert Woodrow Wilson&quot; href=&quot;https://e
 n.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson&quot;&gt;Robert Wilson&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;\n&lt;p sty
 le=&quot;margin: 0in\;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp\;&lt;/p&gt;\n&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0in\;&quot;&gt;In 1965\, while u
 sing this antenna\, Penzias and Wilson discovered the&amp;nbsp\;&lt;a title=&quot;Cosm
 ic microwave background radiation&quot; href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cos
 mic_microwave_background_radiation&quot;&gt;cosmic microwave background radiation&lt;
 /a&gt;&amp;nbsp\;(CMBR) that permeates the universe. This was one of the most imp
 ortant discoveries in&amp;nbsp\;&lt;a title=&quot;Physical cosmology&quot; href=&quot;https://en
 .wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_cosmology&quot;&gt;physical cosmology&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp\; Sinc
 e &lt;a title=&quot;Edwin Hubble&quot; href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble
 &quot;&gt;Edwin Hubble&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp\;demonstrated in the 1920s that the universe was e
 xpanding. It provided the evidence that confirmed&amp;nbsp\;&lt;a title=&quot;George G
 amow&quot; href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gamow&quot;&gt;George Gamow&lt;/a&gt;&#39;s
  and&amp;nbsp\;&lt;a title=&quot;Georges Lema&amp;icirc\;tre&quot; href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.o
 rg/wiki/Georges_Lema%C3%AEtre&quot;&gt;Georges Lema&amp;icirc\;tre&lt;/a&gt;&#39;s &quot;&lt;a title=&quot;Bi
 g Bang&quot; href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang&quot;&gt;Big Bang&lt;/a&gt;&quot; theory
  of the creation of the universe. This helped change the science of cosmol
 ogy\, the study of the universe&#39;s history\, from a field for unlimited the
 oretical speculation into a discipline of direct observation. In 1978 Penz
 ias and Wilson received the&amp;nbsp\;&lt;a title=&quot;Nobel Prize for Physics&quot; href=
 &quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Physics&quot;&gt;Nobel Prize for Ph
 ysics&lt;/a&gt; for their discovery.&amp;nbsp\;The&amp;nbsp\;&lt;a title=&quot;Horn antenna&quot; hre
 f=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_antenna&quot;&gt;horn antenna&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp\;at B
 ell Telephone Laboratories in Holmdel\, New Jersey\, was constructed on&amp;nb
 sp\;&lt;a title=&quot;Crawford Hill&quot; href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawford_
 Hill&quot;&gt;Crawford Hill&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp\;in 1959 to support&amp;nbsp\;&lt;a title=&quot;Project E
 cho&quot; href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Echo&quot;&gt;Project Echo&lt;/a&gt;\, 
 the&amp;nbsp\;&lt;a title=&quot;National Aeronautics and Space Administration&quot; href=&quot;h
 ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration
 &quot;&gt;National Aeronautics and Space Administration&lt;/a&gt;&#39;s passive communicatio
 ns satellites\, which used large aluminized plastic balloons (&lt;a title=&quot;Sa
 tellite balloon&quot; href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_balloon&quot;&gt;sa
 tellite balloon&lt;/a&gt;) as reflectors to bounce radio signals from one point 
 on the Earth to another.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Agenda: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Crawford 
 Hill Picnic: 11 AM - 2 PM&lt;/strong&gt; [Email Picnic Coordinator at&amp;nbsp\;&lt;a h
 ref=&quot;mailto:hohpicnic@gmail.com&quot;&gt;hohpicnic@gmail.com&lt;/a&gt; for information.]
 &amp;nbsp\;&lt;/p&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Project Echo Milestone Dedication: 2-4 PM&lt;/strong&gt;
 &lt;/p&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp\;&lt;/p&gt;
END:VEVENT
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