[Legacy Report] Small Licensed Transmitters and Their RF Exposure assessment

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Deploying small cells, i.e., small licensed transmitters, is one of the key solutions to manage the recent data explosion and network congestion. Small cells are mainly deployed in residential or enterprise environments. Therefore, they can be located in close proximity to human bodies. Their RF output power is low, usually in the range of mW to a couple of watts. This paper addresses the RF exposure compliance for small cells, including regulations, criteria and rules in United States, Canada, Australia and European Union. In addition, small cells’ RF safety requirement in various countries in relation to their RF output power levels is investigated. This information would not only help the designers understand the regulatory RF exposure compliance requirements for small cells thoroughly, but also provide them with guidance in determining the proper RF transmitting power levels for small cells. As a result, less time and lower cost would be required in meeting their global regulatory RF exposure assessment requirements.

Steve Majkowski is a member of technical staff of the Global Products Compliance Laboratory at Alcatel-Lucent’s Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey. Since 1997 he has been responsible for the evaluation, test and certification of new wireless base stations products with the Federal Communication Commission. He has executed 30 Formal Product Certification filings with the FCC for AWS, Cellular 850 and PCS products and has performed hundreds of product evaluations. These products form the bulk of the wireless infrastructure for such companies as Verizon and Sprint within the US of A and other wireless service providers in the Americas and internationally . During this time he led the development of an automated measurement system and a methodology for the evaluation of medium power( < 5kW) RF transmitters.
Prior to joining Bell laboratories He was at Lockheed Martin AstroSpace where he was the EMC Technical Leader for the composite structured A2100 Commercial Satellite Programs Core Spacecraft design. He personally supervised development and construction of multiple spacecraft including ChinaStar, GE1 through GE5, EchoStar 104, 105 & 106 and the AceS Spacecraft. The Commercial Space projects followed a significant success as the EMC Technical Leader for NASA’s Earth Observing System.
Mission to Planet Earth “terra” spacecraft. The $1.7B terra spacecraft was a revolutionary advance in spacecraft technology incorporating a composite structure, 120VDC direct energy DC power systems, high data rate communication systems, a revolutionary hybrid grounding system and the first space based solid state data recorder memory management system. The terra spacecraft was the most expensive, largest, most powerful, highest data rate, most sensitive and the most electromagnetically quiet spacecraft that NASA had ever launched. Other previous spacecraft contributions included the International Space Station, GPS Block IIR, Milstar, TIROS, Intelsat and Inmarsat.
Previously the author had spent 10 years in the RF Engineering and Radar group at Lockheed Electronics. It was there as the Senior Principal Engineer for EMC and High Power RF design that he was involved in the development of components, antennas and systems for multiple programs including the Space Shuttle, B2 Bomber, Trident C4/D5, Aegis, Hubble, C5 Galaxy, B52, F15, F16, F22 and other classified programs.

Mr. Majkowski received his BSEE from New Jersey Institute of Technology in 1979 and performed Graduate studies at Stevens Institute, NJIT and George Washington University. He is a NARTE Certified EMC Engineer and a member of the IEEE EMC Society. He has received commendations from the US Navy, the US Air Force and NASA for his work on various programs.

Dheena Moongilan is a Distinguished Member of Technical Staff in the Global Product Compliance Laboratory, Bell Laboratories, Alcatel-Lucent. Murray Hill, New Jersey. He is a member of Alcatel-Lucent Technical Academy. He is an electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) consultant for Alcatel- Lucent and is chairman of Alcatel- Lucent’s EMC corporate committee and EMC expert committee. He has published several technical papers including twenty papers in the International IEEE symposiums. He received 2012 IEEE EMC International Symposium Best Paper Award. He holds two U.S. patents. He has a B. E. in electrical engineering and an M. S. E. E in applied electronics from the College of Engineering at Madras University in Guindy, India and an M. S. E. E in computer engineering from the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago.

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